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<h2 class=""><strong>White mustard Seeds (Sinapis alba)</strong></h2> <h2><span style="color: #ff0000;" class=""><strong>Price for Package of 180 (1g) seeds.</strong></span></h2> <div><b>White mustard</b><span>&nbsp;(</span><i>Sinapis alba</i><span>) is an&nbsp;</span>annual plant<span>&nbsp;of the family&nbsp;</span>Brassicaceae<span>. It is sometimes also referred to as&nbsp;</span><i>Brassica alba</i><span>&nbsp;or&nbsp;</span><i>B. hirta</i><span>. Grown for its seeds, used to make the condiment&nbsp;</span>mustard<span>, as fodder crop, or as a&nbsp;</span>green manure<span>, it is now widespread worldwide, although it probably originated in the Mediterranean region.</span></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Description">Description</span></h2> <p>White mustard is an annual, growing to 70&nbsp;cm high with stalkless pinnate leaves, similar to<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Sinapis arvensis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"></sup></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Distribution">Distribution</span></h2> <p>Most common in Europe, North Africa, the Middle East and Central Asia, it can be found worldwide. It has been found as far north as Greenland,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference">[2]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>and naturalized throughout<span>&nbsp;</span>Great Britain<span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span>Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"></sup></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Culinary_uses">Culinary uses</span></h2> <p>The yellow flowers of the plant produce hairy seed pods, with each pod containing roughly a half dozen seeds. These seeds are harvested just prior to the pods becoming ripe and bursting.</p> <p>White mustard seeds are hard round seeds, usually around 1.0 to 1.5&nbsp;mm (0.039 to 0.059&nbsp;in) in diameter,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference">[4]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>with a color ranging from beige or yellow to light brown. They can be used whole for pickling or toasted for use in dishes. When ground and mixed with other ingredients, a paste or more standard<span>&nbsp;</span>condiment<span>&nbsp;</span>can be produced.<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Sinapis alba</i><span>&nbsp;</span>is used to make the commonplace yellow table mustard, with additional yellow coloring provided by<span>&nbsp;</span>turmeric<span>&nbsp;</span>in some formulations.</p> <p>The seeds contain<span>&nbsp;</span>sinalbin, which is a<span>&nbsp;</span>thioglycoside<span>&nbsp;</span>responsible for their pungent taste. White mustard has fewer<span>&nbsp;</span>volatile oils<span>&nbsp;</span>and the flavor is considered to be milder than that produced by<span>&nbsp;</span>black mustard<span>&nbsp;</span>seeds.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"></sup></p> <p>In Greece, the plant's leaves can be eaten during the winter, before it blooms. Greeks call it<span>&nbsp;</span><i>vrouves (βρούβα)</i><span>&nbsp;</span>or<span>&nbsp;</span><i>lapsana (λαψάνα)</i>. The blooming season of this plant (February–March) is celebrated with the Mustard Festival, a series of festivities in the wine country of California (Napa and Sonoma Counties).</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_uses">Other uses</span></h2> <p>White mustard is commonly used as a cover and green manure crop in Europe (between UK and Ukraine). A large number of varieties exist, e.g. in<span>&nbsp;</span>Germany,<span>&nbsp;</span>Netherlands, mainly differing in lateness of flowering and resistance against white beet-cyst nematode (<i>Heterodera schachtii</i>). Farmers prefer late-flowering varieties, which do not produce seeds, as they may become weeds in the subsequent year. Early vigour is important to cover the soil quickly to suppress weeds and protect the soil against erosion. In rotations with<span>&nbsp;</span>sugar beets, suppression of the white beet-cyst nematode is an important trait. Resistant white mustard varieties reduce nematode populations by 70-90%.</p>

MHS 130 (180 S)

5/ 5

<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> <h2><strong>Giant Japanese White Radish F1</strong></h2> <h2><span style="color: #ff0000;"><strong>Price for Package of 10 seeds.</strong></span></h2> <p>Giant Japanese White Radish has very long fruit. The fruit is white and crisp! The fruits can be picked within 85 days. Its root is long, white, cylindrical, with a blunt end. Under good conditions, the root can reach up to 75 cm in length.</p>

VE 107 (10 S)

5/ 5

<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> </head> <body> <h2><strong>Radish Seeds Munich Beer</strong></h2> <h2><strong><span style="color: #ff0000;">Price for Package of 50 seeds.</span></strong></h2> <p>An old German heirloom variety that produces oval-shaped roots with fresh crisp tasting flesh. Traditionally it is thinly sliced, salted, and served with beer. Harvest in 50 days.</p> <p>Raphanus sativus. Open Pollinated. The plant produces excellent yields of 16 cm long radishes. They are crispy and mildly pungent. Great for snacking with your favorite beverage.</p> <p>To reduce the heat, peel off the outer layer of the skin. Cut into thin slices and eat as a delicious snack or grate some for adding to dips and salads. Best planted in summer for fall harvest.<br />An excellent choice for home gardens. An heirloom variety from the Bavarian region of Germany.</p> <p>Disease Resistant: CR.</p> </body> </html>

P 5 (50 S)

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<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><h2><strong>Radish Seeds John's Day</strong></h2><h2><strong><span style="color: #ff0000;" data-mce-style="color: #ff0000;">Price for Package of 50 seeds.</span></strong></h2><p>Radish John's Day is a favorite radish in Hungary. Its tuber is large, brownish-yellow in color, beet-shaped, its flesh is white, crisp, of excellent quality.</p><p>50-70 days growing season, very popular summer radish for outdoor cultivation in Hungary.</p><p>It requires a lot of water for the best growth results.</p>

VE 171 (50 S)

5/ 5

<h2><strong>Purple Broccoli Calabrese Seeds Miranda</strong></h2> <h2 class=""><span style="color: #ff0000;"><strong>Price for Package of 50 (0,18 g) seeds.</strong></span></h2> <p>Violet Broccoli Miranda is a very distinctive new Calabrese. It produces a distinctly beautiful, large violet head on a central stalk. Once the main head is removed, small side shoots form which is tender, delicious.</p> <p>Miranda has a relatively tall plant habit and needs space to perform at their best, Plants should be spaced 30cm (12in) in all directions and are best sown a little later than usual, from late June onwards. Matures in 95 to 105 days.</p> <p>Purple vegetables are fun to grow, very pretty to look at, and hugely fashionable but importantly they contain anthocyanins, which are very powerful antioxidants hugely beneficial for general health and said to help prevent cancer. Use lemon juice to retain the purple color while cooking.</p> <p>Optimal germination temperature: 8 ° C.</p> <p>Prepare the site:<br>All brassica crops grow best in partial-shade, infirm, fertile, free-draining but water-retentive soil. Avoid shallow, sandy soils, and exposed sites<br>Start digging over your soil in autumn, removing any stones you find and working in plenty of well-rotted manure or compost. Tread on the soil to remove any air pockets and make the surface very firm. Brassicas will fail if the soil is too acidic so add lime to the soil if necessary, aiming for a pH of 6.5.</p> <p>How to sow Broccoli Calabrese:<br>Sow early and you will miss the first caterpillars. Early crops can be enhanced with the aid of crop covers. Plants should be spaced 30cm (12in) in all directions. Lower crop density gives a longer period of harvest, as more secondary heads are produced.<br>Expected germination time 7 to 12 days, depending on soil temperature.</p> <p>Sowing Indoors: Early March to mid-July<br>To get an early crop in June, sow under cover in modules or sow in a seedbed outside from mid to late March until the end of May. Plant out in April with fleece protection. (It dislikes bare-root transplanting). After a few months, when your seedlings reach 6 and 8cm high (2½ to 3in), they're ready to plant outside. Water the day before moving, and keep well-watered until established. Space plants at least 30cm (12in) apart and make sure you dig a good deep drill (2.5cm) to give them good anchorage.</p> <p>Sowing Direct: April to June<br>Seeds can be sown directly in April to June. Sow seeds thinly about 12mm (½in) deep. Sow thinly, as this reduces the amount of future thinning necessary and potential risk from pests.</p> <p>For a Polytunnel: Sow March to October<br>Broccoli calabrese is one of the most successful winter crops for a walk-in polytunnel. Sow a few seeds in modules every six weeks from March to August and plant a short row when there’s room. In September and August, sow a few seeds directly and thin to 30cm (12 in) apart. Leave them to grow undisturbed through the winter. Autumn sown crops will be ready to pick from March to June.</p> <p>Cultivation:<br>Once the plants are on the ground the process is easy. Just let them stand and protect them from the eggs of Cabbage White butterfly. Remove any yellowing or fallen leaves and burn them to prevent fungal diseases from setting in. Being a shorter-term crop, it is less likely to be troubled by aphids or caterpillars</p> <p>Harvest: Late winter to late spring.<br>The heads must be cut whilst in tight bud; once per week in cool weather, twice a week is essential in warm weather, as this encourages the side shoots to develop quickly. Use a sharp knife and leave a small stalk. Pick the side-shoots regularly (when about 10cm (4in) long. Regular picking can extend cropping time for up to eight weeks. Don't get carried away and strip plants entirely in one go.</p> <p>Culinary Use:<br>Steam rather than boil to keep their rich color and vitamin count. Leaves also can be cooked and eaten as a wintergreen. Fresh florets will keep in the fridge for around a week but are also great frozen.<br>Broccoli is one of the few vegetables to skyrocket in popularity in recent years, mainly because of announcements by medical research groups that eating such cruciferous vegetables as broccoli helps significantly to reduce the risk of cancers.</p> <p>Seed Saving</p> <p>Broccoli usually self-incompatible and must be cross-pollinated by insects. This means there must be a number of plants flowering at the same time. All of the Brassica oleracea crops are the same species and will cross with each other. To maintain purity you have to ensure that only one type flowers at once. The alternative is to isolate them, either by distance (1000 yards for different varieties, 1500 yards for different crops), or by caging them (don't forget they need insects for pollination). Save the seed from at least 5 plants to maintain some genetic diversity.</p> <p>The seed is produced in long pods and should be gathered when the older bottom pods first start to split open. Watch them carefully as they shatter easily when they are fully ripe. Cut the seedpod bearing stems and dry them in a warm place (I put small quantities in a paper grocery bag so I don't lose any seeds). The large seeds are easily handled and cleaned. Of course, it is essential that they are thoroughly dry before storage.</p> <p>Seed Viability in Years: 3-4 years</p><script src="//cdn.public.n1ed.com/G3OMDFLT/widgets.js"></script>

VE 72 M (50 S)

5/ 5

<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> <h2><strong>Kale Seeds Nero di Toscana</strong></h2> <h2><span style="color: #ff0000;"><strong>Price for Package of 20 seeds.</strong></span></h2> <p>It has very attractive unusual palm-like, dark green, wrinkled leaves. Easy to grow, for baby leaf or mature winter plants. Excellent source of vitamin C and vitamin A and can be eaten raw or cooked. It has great winter hardiness and is perfect for mixed salads due to its texture.</p> <p>Sowing: V-VI. snow at a distance of 50 x 50 cm.<br />Sowing depth: 2 cm.<br />Optimal germination temperature: 12 ° C.</p>

VE 76 (20 S)

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<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> </head> <body> <h2><strong>Red cabbage seeds Rufus</strong></h2> <h2><span style="color: #ff0000;"><strong>Price for Package of 200 seeds (0,5 g).</strong></span></h2> <p>Rufus is a red cabbage mid-early variety, excellent variety for both fresh consumption and storage. Rufus is used for early sowing, for salads, preserves, markets, and late sowing for winter storing.</p> <p>The head is dark purple, elongated spherical, weighing 1.3-2 kg. Its productivity is good, the fruits are uniform.</p> <p>Suitable for both fresh consumption and storage.</p> <p>Growing season 100-120 days.</p> </body> </html>

P 94 R

5/ 5

<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> </head> <body> <h2><strong>Red cabbage seeds Kalibos</strong></h2> <h2><span style="color: #ff0000;"><strong>Price for Package of 200 seeds (0,5 g).</strong></span></h2> <p>Kalibos is simply the most stunning cabbage we have ever seen. A truly beautiful Eastern European red cabbage, Kalibos sports deep purple leaves on conical heads that grow up to 2.5 kg. The flavor is quite sweet and it is excellent cabbage for salads and slaws, as well as in pickling. Also, it's tasty when braised, roasted.</p> <p>Honestly, these might be the best-tasting cabbages you’ll ever grow.</p> <p>They are ready for harvest in 85 days from transplantation.</p> </body> </html>

P 94 K

5/ 5

<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> <h2><strong>Rapeseed seeds (Brassica napus subsp. napus)</strong></h2> <h2><span style="color: #ff0000;"><strong>Price for Package of 20 seeds.</strong></span></h2> <p><b>Rapeseed</b><span> (</span><i>Brassica napus<span> </span></i><span>subsp.</span><i><span> </span>napus</i><span>) is a bright-yellow flowering member of the family </span>Brassicaceae<span> (mustard or cabbage family), cultivated mainly for its oil-rich seed, which naturally contains appreciable amounts of toxic </span>erucic acid<span>. </span><b>Canola</b><span> are a group of </span><i>rapeseed</i><span> </span>cultivars<span> which were bred to have very low levels of </span>erucic acid<span> and are especially prized for use for human and animal food. </span><i>Rapeseed</i><span> is the third-largest source of </span>vegetable oil<span> and second-largest source of protein meal in the world.</span></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Etymology_and_taxonomy">Etymology and taxonomy</span></h2> <p>The term "rape" derives from the Latin word for<span> </span>turnip,<span> </span><i>rapa</i><span> </span>or<span> </span><i>rapum</i>, cognate with the Greek word<span> </span><i>rhapys</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOED2016_3-0" class="reference">[2]</sup></p> <p>The<span> </span>species<span> </span><i>Brassica napus</i><span> </span>belongs to the flowering plant family<span> </span>Brassicaceae. Rapeseed is a<span> </span>subspecies<span> </span>with the<span> </span>autonym<span> </span><i>B. napus<span> </span></i>subsp.<i><span> </span>napus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGRIN2012a_4-0" class="reference">[3]</sup><span> </span>It encompasses winter and spring oilseed, vegetable and fodder rape.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnowdonLühsFriedt200654_5-0" class="reference">[4]</sup><span> </span>Siberian kale is a distinct leaf rape form<span> </span>variety<span> </span>(<i>B. napus<span> </span></i>var.<i><span> </span>pabularia</i>) which used to be common as a winter-annual vegetable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGRIN2010b_6-0" class="reference">[5]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnowdonLühsFriedt200654_5-1" class="reference">[4]</sup><span> </span>The second subspecies of<span> </span><i>B. napus</i><span> </span>is<span> </span><i>B. napus<span> </span></i>subsp.<i><span> </span>rapifera</i><span> </span>(also subsp.<span> </span><i>napobrassica</i>; the rutabaga, swede, or yellow turnip).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGRIN2012b_7-0" class="reference">[6]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENCBI2013_8-0" class="reference">[7]</sup></p> <p><i>Brassica napus</i><span> </span>is an digenomic<span> </span>amphidiploid<span> </span>that occurred due to the<span> </span>interspecific hybridization<span> </span>between<span> </span><i>Brassica oleracea</i><span> </span>and<span> </span><i>Brassica rapa</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowneyRimmer19936_9-0" class="reference">[8]</sup><span> </span>It is a self-compatible pollinating species like the other amphidiploid<span> </span><i>brassica</i><span> </span>species.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowneyRimmer19937_10-0" class="reference">[9]</sup></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Description">Description</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner"><img alt="Rapeseed seeds (Brassica napus subsp. napus)" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Brassica_napus_2.jpg/220px-Brassica_napus_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="354" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Brassica_napus_2.jpg/330px-Brassica_napus_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Brassica_napus_2.jpg/440px-Brassica_napus_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1204" data-file-height="1936" title="Rapeseed seeds (Brassica napus subsp. napus)" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"></div> Rapeseed blossoms</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner"><img alt="Rapeseed seeds (Brassica napus subsp. napus)" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Brassica_napus_fruit7_%2814678237321%29.jpg/220px-Brassica_napus_fruit7_%2814678237321%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Brassica_napus_fruit7_%2814678237321%29.jpg/330px-Brassica_napus_fruit7_%2814678237321%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Brassica_napus_fruit7_%2814678237321%29.jpg/440px-Brassica_napus_fruit7_%2814678237321%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1720" data-file-height="2652" title="Rapeseed seeds (Brassica napus subsp. napus)" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"></div> Rapeseed pod with seeds inside</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner"><img alt="Rapeseed seeds (Brassica napus subsp. napus)" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B0.jpg/220px-%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B0.jpg/330px-%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B0.jpg/440px-%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5772" data-file-height="5772" title="Rapeseed seeds (Brassica napus subsp. napus)" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"></div> Rapeseed seed under a microscope.</div> </div> </div> <p><i>Brassica napus</i><span> </span>grows to 100 cm (39 in) in height with hairless, fleshy,<span> </span>pinnatifid<span> </span>and<span> </span>glaucous<span> </span>lower leaves<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin1965_11-0" class="reference">[10]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParnellCurtisWebb2012_12-0" class="reference">[11]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebbParnellDoogue1996_13-0" class="reference">[12]</sup><span> </span>which are stalked whereas the upper leaves have no<span> </span>petioles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallihanBrennanMillerBrown20006_14-0" class="reference">[13]</sup><span> </span><i>Brassica napus</i><span> </span>can be distinguished from<span> </span><i>Brassica nigra</i><span> </span>by the upper leaves which do not clasp the stem, and from<span> </span><i>Brassica rapa</i><span> </span>by its smaller petals which are less than 13 mm (0.51 in) across.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParnellCurtisWebb2012_12-1" class="reference">[11]</sup></p> <p>Rapeseed flowers are yellow and about 17 mm (0.67 in) across.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParnellCurtisWebb2012_12-2" class="reference">[11]</sup><span> </span>They are radial and consist of four<span> </span>petals<span> </span>in a typical cross-form, alternating with four<span> </span>sepals. They have indeterminate<span> </span>racemose<span> </span>flowering starting at the lowest bud and growing upward in the following days. The flowers have two lateral<span> </span>stamens<span> </span>with short filaments, and four median stamens with longer filaments whose anthers split away from the flower's center upon flowering.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnowdonLühsFriedt200656_15-0" class="reference">[14]</sup></p> <p>The rapeseed pods are green and elongated<span> </span>siliquae<span> </span>during development that eventually ripen to brown. They grow on<span> </span>pedicels<span> </span>1 to 3 cm long, and can range from 5 to 10 cm in length.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallihanBrennanMillerBrown20006_14-1" class="reference">[13]</sup><span> </span>Each pod has two<span> </span>compartments<span> </span>separated by an inner central wall within which a row of seeds develop.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlford20081–2_16-0" class="reference">[15]</sup><span> </span>The seeds are round and have a diameter of 1.5 to 3mm. They have a reticulate surface texture,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallihanBrennanMillerBrown20006_14-2" class="reference">[13]</sup><span> </span>and are black and hard at maturity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlford20081–2_16-1" class="reference">[15]</sup></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Ecology">Ecology</span></h2> <p>In<span> </span>Northern Ireland, U K<span> </span><i>B. napus</i><span> </span>and<span> </span><i>B. rapa</i><span> </span>are recorded as escapes in roadside verges and waste ground.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeesleyWilde1997104_17-0" class="reference">[16]</sup></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Uses">Uses</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner"><img alt="Rapeseed seeds (Brassica napus subsp. napus)" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Rapeseed%2C_roasted.jpg/220px-Rapeseed%2C_roasted.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Rapeseed%2C_roasted.jpg/330px-Rapeseed%2C_roasted.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Rapeseed%2C_roasted.jpg/440px-Rapeseed%2C_roasted.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3021" data-file-height="2948" title="Rapeseed seeds (Brassica napus subsp. napus)" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"></div> Roasted canola seeds</div> </div> </div> <p>Rapeseed is grown for the production of<span> </span>animal feed, edible<span> </span>vegetable oils, and<span> </span>biodiesel. Rapeseed was the third-leading source of vegetable oil in the world in 2000, after<span> </span>soybean<span> </span>and<span> </span>palm oil.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUSDA200226_18-0" class="reference">[17]</sup><span> </span>It is the world's second-leading source of<span> </span>protein<span> </span>meal after soybean.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeuzéTranSauvantLessire2020_19-0" class="reference">[18]</sup></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Animal_feed">Animal feed</span></h3> <p>Processing of rapeseed for oil production produces rapeseed meal as a byproduct. The byproduct is a high-protein animal feed, competitive with soybean. The feed is employed mostly for<span> </span>cattle<span> </span>feeding, but is also used for<span> </span>pigs<span> </span>and<span> </span>poultry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeuzéTranSauvantLessire2020_19-1" class="reference">[18]</sup><span> </span>However, natural rapeseed oil contains 50%<span> </span>erucic acid<span> </span>and high levels of<span> </span>glucosinolates<span> </span>that significantly lowers the nutritional value of rapeseed press cakes for animal feed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPottsRakowMales1999_20-0" class="reference">[19]</sup></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Vegetable_oil">Vegetable oil</span></h3> <p>Rapeseed oil is one of the oldest known vegetable oils, but historically was used in limited quantities due to high levels of erucic acid, which is damaging to<span> </span>cardiac muscle<span> </span>of animals, and glucosinolates, which made it less nutritious in animal feed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Brien200837_21-0" class="reference">[20]</sup><span> </span>Rapeseed oil can contain up to 54% erucic acid.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESahasrabudhe1977323_22-0" class="reference">[21]</sup><span> </span>Food-grade canola oil derived from rapeseed cultivars, also known as rapeseed 00 oil, low erucic acid rapeseed oil, LEAR oil, and rapeseed canola-equivalent oil, has been<span> </span>generally recognized as safe<span> </span>by the<span> </span>United States Food and Drug Administration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUSFDA2010_23-0" class="reference">[22]</sup><span> </span>Canola oil is limited by government regulation to a maximum of 2% erucic acid by weight in the USA<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUSFDA2010_23-1" class="reference">[22]</sup><span> </span>and 5% in the EU,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEC1980_24-0" class="reference">[23]</sup><span> </span>with special regulations for infant food. These low levels of erucic acid are not believed to cause harm in human<span> </span>infants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUSFDA2010_23-2" class="reference">[22]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEC1980_24-1" class="reference">[23]</sup></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</span></h3> <p>Rapeseed oil is used as diesel fuel, either as<span> </span>biodiesel, straight in heated fuel systems, or blended with petroleum distillates for powering motor vehicles. Biodiesel may be used in pure form in newer engines without engine damage and is frequently combined with fossil-fuel<span> </span>diesel<span> </span>in ratios varying from 2% to 20% biodiesel. Owing to the costs of growing, crushing, and refining rapeseed biodiesel, rapeseed-derived biodiesel from new oil costs more to produce than standard diesel fuel, so diesel fuels are commonly made from the used oil. Rapeseed oil is the preferred oil stock for biodiesel production in most of Europe, accounting for about 80% of the feedstock,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact">[<i><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></i>]</sup><span> </span>partly because rapeseed produces more oil per unit of land area compared to other oil sources, such as soybeans, but primarily because canola oil has a significantly lower<span> </span>gel point<span> </span>than most other vegetable oils.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Other">Other</span></h3> <p>Rapeseed is also used as a<span> </span>cover crop<span> </span>in the US during the winter as it prevents<span> </span>soil erosion, produces large amounts of<span> </span>biomass, suppresses weeds and can improve soil<span> </span>tilth<span> </span>with its root system. Some cultivars of rapeseed are also used as annual forage and are ready for grazing livestock 80 to 90 days after planting.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgMRC2018_25-0" class="reference"></sup></p> <p>Rapeseed has a high<span> </span>melliferous<span> </span>potential and is a main forage crop for<span> </span>honeybees.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertazziniForlani20162_26-0" class="reference">[25]</sup><span> </span>Monofloral rapeseed honey has a whitish or milky yellow color, peppery taste and, due to its fast crystallization time, a soft-solid texture. It crystallizes within 3 to 4 weeks and can ferment over time if stored improperly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELixandru2017_27-0" class="reference">[26]</sup><span> </span>The low fructose-to-glucose ratio in<span> </span>monofloral rapeseed honey<span> </span>causes it to quickly granulate in the<span> </span>honeycomb, forcing beekeepers to extract the honey within 24 hours of it being capped.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertazziniForlani20162_26-1" class="reference">[25]</sup></p> <p>As a<span> </span>biolubricant, rapeseed has possible uses for bio-medical applications (e.g., lubricants for artificial joints) and the use of personal lubricant for sexual purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalimonSalihYousif2010522_28-0" class="reference">[27]</sup><span> </span>Biolubricant containing 70% or more canola/rapeseed oil has replaced petroleum-based chainsaw oil in Austria although they are typically more expensive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarrett1998_29-0" class="reference">[28]</sup></p> <p>Rapeseed has been researched as a means of containing<span> </span>radionuclides<span> </span>that contaminated the soil after the<span> </span>Chernobyl disaster<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2004_30-0" class="reference">[29]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERIA_Novosti2010_31-0" class="reference">[30]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker2010_32-0" class="reference">[31]</sup><span> </span>as it has a rate of uptake up to three times more than other grains, and only about 3 to 6% of the radionuclides go into the oilseeds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2004_30-1" class="reference">[29]</sup></p> <p>Rapeseed meal is mostly used as a soil fertilizer rather than for animal feed in<span> </span>China.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonjeanDequidtSangLimagrain20166_33-0" class="reference">[32]</sup></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Cultivation">Cultivation</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner"><img alt="Rapeseed seeds (Brassica napus subsp. napus)" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Champ_de_colza_C%C3%B4te-d%27Or_Bourgogne_avril_2014.jpg/220px-Champ_de_colza_C%C3%B4te-d%27Or_Bourgogne_avril_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Champ_de_colza_C%C3%B4te-d%27Or_Bourgogne_avril_2014.jpg/330px-Champ_de_colza_C%C3%B4te-d%27Or_Bourgogne_avril_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Champ_de_colza_C%C3%B4te-d%27Or_Bourgogne_avril_2014.jpg/440px-Champ_de_colza_C%C3%B4te-d%27Or_Bourgogne_avril_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4208" data-file-height="2626" title="Rapeseed seeds (Brassica napus subsp. napus)" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"></div> Field of rapeseed</div> </div> </div> <p>Crops from the genus<span> </span><i>Brassica</i>, including rapeseed, were among the earliest plants to be widely cultivated by mankind as early as 10,000 years ago. Rapeseed was being cultivated in India as early as 4000 B.C. and it spread to China and Japan 2000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnowdonLühsFriedt200654_5-2" class="reference">[4]</sup></p> <p>Rapeseed oil is predominantly cultivated in its winter form in most of Europe and Asia due to the requirement of<span> </span>vernalization<span> </span>to start the process of flowering. It is sown in autumn and remains in a<span> </span>leaf rosette<span> </span>on the soil surface during the winter. The plant grows a long vertical stem in the next spring followed by lateral branch development. It generally flowers in late spring with the process of pod development and ripening occurring over a period of 6–8 weeks until<span> </span>midsummer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnowdonLühsFriedt200656_15-1" class="reference">[14]</sup></p> <p>In Europe, winter rapeseed is grown as an annual break crop in three to four-year rotations with cereals such as<span> </span>wheat<span> </span>and<span> </span>barley, and break crops such as<span> </span>peas<span> </span>and<span> </span>beans. This is done to reduce the possibility of pests and diseases being carried over from one crop to another.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlford20083_34-0" class="reference">[33]</sup><span> </span>Winter rape is less susceptible to<span> </span>crop failure<span> </span>as it is more vigorous than the summer variety and can compensate for damage done by pests.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlford20084_35-0" class="reference">[34]</sup></p> <p>Spring rapeseed is cultivated in Canada, northern Europe and Australia as it is not winter-hardy and does not require vernalization. The crop is sown in spring with stem development happening immediately after<span> </span>germination.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnowdonLühsFriedt200656_15-2" class="reference">[14]</sup></p> <p>Rapeseed can be cultivated on a wide variety of well-drained soils, prefers a<span> </span>pH<span> </span>between 5.5 and 8.3 and has a moderate tolerance of<span> </span>soil salinity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgMRC2018_25-1" class="reference">[24]</sup><span> </span>It is predominantly a<span> </span>wind-pollinated<span> </span>plant but shows significantly increased grain yields when<span> </span>bee-pollinated,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChambóDe_OliveiraGarciaDuarte-Júnior20142087_36-0" class="reference">[35]</sup><span> </span>almost double the final yield<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertazziniForlani20162_26-2" class="reference">[25]</sup><span> </span>but the effect is cultivar-dependent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindströmHerbertssonRundlöfSmith2015759_37-0" class="reference">[36]</sup><span> </span>It is currently grown with high levels of nitrogen-containing fertilisers, and the manufacture of these generates<span> </span>N₂O. An estimated 3-5% of nitrogen provided as fertilizer for rapeseed is converted to N₂O.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis_Jr.2007_38-0" class="reference">[37]</sup></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Diseases_and_pests">Diseases and pests</span></h2> <p>The main diseases of the winter rapeseed crop are<span> </span><i>canker</i>,<span> </span><i>light leaf spot</i>,<span> </span><i>alternaria</i><span> </span>and<span> </span><i>sclerotinia<span> </span>stem rot</i>. Canker causes<span> </span>leaf spotting, and premature ripening and weakening of the stem during the autumn-winter period. A conazole or<span> </span>triazole<span> </span>fungicide<span> </span>treatment is required in late autumn and in spring against<span> </span><i>canker</i><span> </span>while broad-spectrum fungicides are used during the spring-summer period for alternaria and sclerotinia control.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlford20087_39-0" class="reference">[38]</sup><span> </span>Oilseed rape cannot be planted in close rotation with itself due to soil-borne diseases such as<span> </span><i>sclerotinia</i>,<span> </span><i>verticillium wilt</i><span> </span>and<span> </span>clubroot.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlford20083_34-1" class="reference">[33]</sup></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Pests">Pests</span></h3> <p>Rapeseed is attacked by a wide variety of insects,<span> </span>nematodes,<span> </span>slugs<span> </span>as well as<span> </span>wood pigeons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlford20086_40-0" class="reference">[39]</sup><span> </span>The<span> </span><i>brassica pod midge</i>,<span> </span><i>cabbage seed weevil</i>,<span> </span><i>cabbage stem weevil</i>,<span> </span><i>cabbage stem flea beetle</i>,<span> </span><i>rape stem weevil</i><span> </span>and<span> </span><i>pollen beetles</i><span> </span>are the primary insect pests that prey on the oilseed rape crop in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlford20089_41-0" class="reference">[40]</sup><span> </span>The insect pests can feed on developing pods to lay eggs inside and eat the developing seeds, bore into the plant's stem and feed on pollen, leaves and flowers. Synthetic<span> </span>pyrethroid<span> </span>insecticides<span> </span>are the main attack vector against insect pests though there is a large-scale use of<span> </span>prophylactic<span> </span>insecticides in many countries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlford20087_39-1" class="reference">[38]</sup><span> </span>Molluscicide<span> </span>pellets are used either before or after sowing of the rapeseed crop to protect against slugs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlford20086_40-1" class="reference">[39]</sup></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History_of_the_cultivars">History of the cultivars</span></h2> <p>In 1973, Canadian<span> </span>agricultural scientists<span> </span>launched a marketing campaign to promote<span> </span>canola<span> </span>consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThiyam-HolländerEskinMatthäus20134_42-0" class="reference">[41]</sup><span> </span>Seed, oil and protein meal derived from rapeseed cultivars which is low in erucic acid and low in glucosinolates was originally registered as a trademark, in 1978, of the Canola Council of Canada, as "canola".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMag1983380_43-0" class="reference">[42]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoché20155_44-0" class="reference">[43]</sup><span> </span>This is now a generic term for edible varieties of rapeseed but is still officially defined in Canada as rapeseed oil that "must contain less than 2% erucic acid and less than 30 µmol of glucosinolates per gram of air-dried oil-free meal."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoché20155_44-1" class="reference">[43]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECFIA2017_45-0" class="reference">[44]</sup></p> <p>Following the<span> </span>European Parliament's<span> </span>Transport Biofuels Directive<span> </span>in 2003 promoting the use of biofuels, the cultivation of winter rapeseed increased dramatically in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertazziniForlani20162_26-3" class="reference">[25]</sup></p> <p>Bayer Cropscience, in collaboration with<span> </span>BGI-Shenzhen, China, Keygene N.V., the Netherlands, and the University of Queensland, Australia, announced it had sequenced the entire genome of<span> </span><i>B. napus</i><span> </span>and its constituent genomes present in<span> </span><i>B. rapa</i><span> </span>and<span> </span><i>B. oleracea</i><span> </span>in 2009. The "A" genome component of the amphidiploid rapeseed species<span> </span><i>B. napus</i><span> </span>is currently being sequenced by the Multinational<span> </span><i>Brassica</i><span> </span>Genome Project.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference">[45]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template">[<i><span title="The text near this tag is dated. (November 2010)">needs update</span></i>]</sup></p> <p>A<span> </span>genetically modified-for-glyphosate-tolerance variety of rapeseed which was developed in 1998 is considered to be the most disease- and drought-resistant canola. By 2009, 90% of the rapeseed crops planted in Canada were of this sort,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckieHarkerLégèreMorrison201143_47-0" class="reference">[46]</sup><span> </span>adoption of which, however, has not been free of controversy.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="GMO_controversy">GMO controversy</span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article:<span> </span>Roundup Ready Canola</div> <p>The<span> </span>Monsanto<span> </span>company<span> </span>genetically engineered<span> </span>new cultivars of rapeseed to be resistant to the effects of its<span> </span>herbicide,<span> </span>Roundup. In 1998, they brought this to the Canadian market. Monsanto sought compensation from farmers found to have crops of this cultivar in their fields without paying a license fee. However, these farmers claimed that the pollen containing the<span> </span><i>Roundup Ready</i><span> </span>gene was blown into their fields and crossed with unaltered canola. Other farmers claimed that after spraying Roundup in non-canola fields to kill weeds before planting,<span> </span><i>Roundup Ready</i><span> </span>volunteers<span> </span>were left behind, causing extra expense to rid their fields of the weeds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartley2008_48-0" class="reference">[47]</sup></p> <p>In a closely followed legal battle, the<span> </span>Supreme Court of Canada<span> </span>found in favor of Monsanto's<span> </span>patent infringement<span> </span>claim for unlicensed growing of<span> </span><i>Roundup Ready</i><span> </span>in its 2004 ruling on<span> </span><i>Monsanto Canada Inc. v. Schmeiser</i>, but also ruled that Schmeiser was not required to pay any damages. The case garnered international controversy, as a court-sanctioned legitimization for the global patent protection of<span> </span>genetically modified crops. In March 2008, an<span> </span>out-of-court settlement<span> </span>between Monsanto and Schmeiser agreed that Monsanto would clean up the entire GMO-canola crop on Schmeiser's farm, at a cost of about CAD $660.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartley2008_48-1" class="reference">[47]</sup></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Production">Production</span></h2> <p>The<span> </span>Food and Agriculture Organization<span> </span>reports global production of 36 million tons of rapeseed in the 2003–2004 season, and an estimated 58.4 million tons in the 2010–2011 season.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference">[48]</sup></p> <p>Worldwide production of rapeseed (including canola) has increased sixfold between 1975 and 2007. The production of canola and rapeseed since 1975 has opened up the edible oil market for rapeseed oil. Since 2002, production of biodiesel has been steadily increasing in EU and USA to 6 million metric tons in 2006. Rapeseed oil is positioned to supply a good portion of the vegetable oils needed to produce that fuel. World production was thus expected to trend further upward between 2005 and 2015 as biodiesel content requirements in Europe go into effect.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference">[</sup></p>

VE 134 (20 S)

5/ 5

<h2 class=""><strong>Mizuna Red Japenese Mustard Seeds</strong></h2> <h2><span style="color: #fe0000;"><strong>Price for a Package of 10 seeds.</strong></span></h2> 'Mizuna' has been cultivated in Japan since ancient times. Mizuna was successfully grown in the International Space Station in 2019. It grows in hardiness zones 4 to 9, prefers full sun or partial shade, well-drained soil, and has a pH of 6.5-7.0. It can be grown as a microgreen, or for its leaves with a 20cm spacing.<br><br>The mizuna is native to the maritime areas of northern China, Korea, and Japan. It is also one of the plants called "Kyo-Yasai", those whose excellent flavor explained that they were traditionally cultivated for the emperor in the former imperial city, around Kyoto. Mizuna, introduced after World War II in the United States and then in Europe, quickly established itself there.<br><br>It is a hardy, biennial plant. It offers a yellow flowering (small flowers with 4 petals like all those of the representatives of the Brassicaceae family) the year following that of its sowing. In the first year, the mizuna develops a dense rosette, 15 to 25 cm high, with numerous elongated, finely cut, light green leaves. This cabbage can evoke both curly chicory and a tuft of dandelion. The foliage of the mizuna is crunchy and has a slightly peppery flavor. This certainly explains the nickname "Japanese mustard" which sometimes designates this cabbage.<br><br>Culinary uses of mizuna<br>Mizuna is of course used in salads or, finely chopped, it can be quickly returned to a wok or slipped into soups and stews.<br><br>For example, sliced ​​leaves can be quickly pan-fried and served with shrimp and pasta. To test: sprinkle the dish with coconut milk, sprinkle it with roasted peanuts.<br><br>Mizuna can also be cooked in poultry or beef broth. Or be prepared as a pesto as you do with arugula.<br><br>Mizuna is the basis of a popular Kyoto culinary specialty: Japanese duck and mizuna fondue.<br><br>Another “Kyo Yasai” vegetable, komatsuna is widely consumed in Japanese restaurants and in Korean cuisine. It is traditionally prepared there in namuru: a sauce made from sesame oil and kochujan (a slightly sweet and fermented chili paste).<br><br>Mizuna sowing<br>&nbsp;<br>Mizuna is undemanding: if it prefers soils that remain cool but well-drained, it can grow in any good garden soil. Choose a sunny location.<br><br>Hardy (it resists temperatures down to -12 ° C), it is however sensitive to heat which can cause its rise to seeds prematurely. Also, although it can be sown in place as early as May, prefer to grow it in late summer (late August) for a winter harvest.<br><br>Mizuna is sown in open ground nurseries or in place. The plants are thinned and transplanted when they have 4 leaves, spacing them 20 cm.<br><br>Rustic, healthy, and vigorous, this vegetable requires almost no maintenance: neither fertilization nor treatment. Grown in autumn and winter, it also does not require watering. You just have to take care to protect your rosettes under a wintering sail if the outside temperatures become very low and persist for several days.<br><br>Mizuna can be harvested 6 weeks after sowing.<br><br>Common name: Mizuna<br>Latin name: Brassica rapa var japonica<br>Family: Brassicaceae<br>Vegetation: Biennial<br>Mature height: 0.15 to 0.30 m<br>Soil type: Clayey soil Limestone soil Sandy soil Humus <script src="//cdn.public.n1ed.com/G3OMDFLT/widgets.js"></script>

MHS 76 (10 S)

5/ 5

<h2><strong>Bok Choy, Pak Choi Seeds</strong></h2> <h2><span style="color: #ff0808;"><strong>Price for a Package of 50 seeds.</strong></span></h2> <p><strong>Bok choy</strong> (American English, Canadian English, and Australian English), <strong>pak choi</strong> (British English), or <strong>pok choi</strong> (<em>Brassica rapa</em> subsp. <em>chinensis</em>) is a type of Chinese cabbage, used as food. <em>Chinensis</em> varieties do not form heads and have green leaf blades with lighter bulbous bottoms instead, forming a cluster reminiscent of mustard greens. It has a flavor between spinach and water chestnuts but is slightly sweeter, with a mildly peppery undertone. The green leaves have a stronger flavor than the white bulb.<sup id="cite_ref-2">[2]</sup></p> <p><em>Chinensis</em> varieties are popular in southern China, East Asia, and Southeast Asia. Being winter-hardy, they are increasingly grown in Northern Europe. Now considered a subspecies of <em>Brassica rapa</em>, this group was originally classified as its own species under the name <em>Brassica chinensis</em> by Carl Linnaeus.^{[<em><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2014)">citation needed</span></em>]} They are a member of the family of Brassicaceae or Cruciferae, also commonly known as the mustards, the crucifers, or the cabbage family.</p> <h2><span id="Culinary_use">Culinary use</span></h2> <p>Pak choi cooks in 2 to 3 minutes by steaming, stir-frying, or simmering in water (8 minutes if steamed whole). The leaves cook more quickly than the stem. It is used in similar ways to other leafy vegetables such as spinach and cabbage.<sup id="cite_ref-7">[7]</sup></p> <h2><span id="Nutritional_value">Nutritional value</span></h2> <p>See the table for the nutritional content of bok choy. The raw vegetable is 95% water, 2% carbohydrates, 1% protein and less than 1% fat. In a 100-gram (<span role="math">3+1⁄2</span>-ounce) reference serving, raw bok choy provides 54 kilojoules (13 food calories) of food energy and is a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of vitamin A (30% DV), vitamin C (54% DV) and vitamin K (44% DV), while providing folate, vitamin B6 and calcium in moderate amounts (10–17% DV).</p> <h2><span id="Toxic_effects">Toxic effects</span></h2> <p>Bok choy contains glucosinolates. These compounds have been reported to prevent cancer^{[<em><span title="health claim. inhibit the growth of cancer cells in vitro? (February 2019)">citation needed</span></em>]} in small doses, but, like many substances, can be toxic to humans in large doses, particularly to people who are already seriously ill. In 2009, an elderly diabetic woman who had been consuming 1 to 1.5 kilograms (2 lb 3 oz to 3 lb 5 oz) of raw bok choy per day in an attempt to treat her diabetes developed hypothyroidism for reasons relating to her diabetes,^{[<em><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></em>]} resulting in myxedema coma.<sup id="cite_ref-8">[8]</sup> According to the case study published by her treating physicians, raw bok choy releases an enzyme which can inhibit the uptake of iodine when eaten in large amounts over extended periods.<sup id="cite_ref-9">[9]</sup></p> <h2><span id="History">History</span></h2> <p>Bok choy evolved in China, where it has been cultivated since the 5th century AD.</p> <p><br /><br /><br /><br /></p>

VE 61 (50 S)